require_once(directory) — check if the file has already been included, and if so, not include (require) it again. require_once(‘footer.php’)
require(directory)php‘ path to ensure that PHP is looking in the right directory with nested requires
require (‘conf.php’);
 
rowspanуказывает количество табличных строк, охватываемых (занимаемых) данной ячейкой заголовка таблицы